E-bike is the name used to identify the latest-generation bicycles equipped with an electric motor that assists pedaling. For this reason, they are also called pedal-assist bicycles (EPAC – Electric Pedal Assisted Cycle or Pedelec).
However, they should not be confused with electric bikes.
The key feature that distinguishes e-bikes from electric bicycles is that the e-bike motor activates only when the rider pedals. It provides assistance to the cyclist, making it much less tiring to use than a traditional bicycle, especially on uphill sections. With the motor turned off, an e-bike is essentially comparable to a normal traditional bicycle.
Electric bicycles, on the other hand, can operate even without pedaling: in this case, the electric motor and the rider’s pedaling are completely independent.
Following this distinction, the Highway Code helps differentiate an e-bike from an electric bicycle with a motor that replaces pedaling. In the first case, motor assistance is limited to a maximum speed of 25 km/h (once reached, the assistance stops) and the maximum continuous rated power is 250 watts. The Highway Code considers e-bikes as bicycles in all respects: they can be used without registration, insurance, license plate, or license, and they can freely circulate on cycle paths. Electric bicycles with more powerful motors that replace pedaling, on the other hand, are subject to vehicle approval regulations for two-wheeled vehicles, with all the related requirements.
Types of E-bikes
E-bikes are distinguished mainly by two components: the battery and the motor.
The battery is what powers and supplies energy to the motor. There are different types depending on price: cheaper batteries are heavier and offer less range, while higher-end batteries are lighter and provide greater autonomy. Higher-quality batteries also last longer over time, reducing the need for replacement.
There are three main types of batteries:
1. Lithium or Li-ion: currently the most advanced technology available. These batteries are smaller and lighter than others and typically require only about 4 hours to recharge.
2. Lead (Pb): the oldest technology still used for rechargeable batteries. Charging times are very long (more than 8 hours), making them suitable mainly for short trips.
3. Nickel–Metal Hydride (NiMH): better than lead batteries but not the most efficient option. They tend to discharge more when not in use and suffer from the so-called “memory effect,” which significantly reduces capacity if partially charged and discharged.
As for motors, there are many types available and they vary depending on the intended use. Some models are more advanced, often made with lightweight materials such as carbon fiber and designed for long-distance rides or competitions, while others are simpler and more affordable, perfect for everyday commuting.
The Advantages of E-bikes
Using an e-bike offers numerous benefits; here are some of the most important.
First of all, it is an environmentally friendly means of transport because it combines the advantages of a traditional bicycle with those of motorized mobility. It reflects the growing need for sustainable development while allowing riders to move quickly and efficiently without excessive effort, especially uphill where more power is normally required and when starting again after a stop.
It is an economical means of transport: operating costs are low, as it does not require registration or related obligations. The cost of electricity is negligible, while battery replacement is more significant but should be considered a long-term expense (approximately every 3 years).
It also offers health benefits: physical activity becomes more gradual, consistent, and less stressful on the joints compared to a traditional bicycle, thanks to the motor assistance that helps during more demanding sections. It allows even those who are not well trained to tackle more challenging and longer routes, expanding the audience for outdoor cycling activities.
E-bike: unstoppable growth
The e-bike market is growing rapidly both in Italy and across Europe. In 2017 alone, 148,000 e-bikes were sold. Preferences are mainly oriented toward city e-bikes (29%), followed by touring models (11%), urban bikes (9%), and eMTBs (8%).
The boom in e-bike sales suggests that this is the most versatile type of bicycle and, very likely, the bicycle of the future. It is estimated that within 10 years, one out of every two bicycles will be electric.
From a technical product perspective, e-bikes are now vehicles that are increasingly similar to traditional bicycles thanks to the reduced size of motors and the integration of batteries within the frame. This improves both the aesthetics and functionality of the bicycle. The speed of these vehicles (25 km/h) represents a good compromise for moving through urban traffic, especially in highly congested areas where the speed difference with cars and motorcycles is significantly reduced, making mixed traffic circulation safer. In addition, the advanced power delivery levels (250 watts) allow riders to choose how much effort they want to make, enabling more frequent use of bicycles even in mountainous or hilly areas.
E-bikes are the perfect vehicle for developing healthy and sustainable mobility in our cities: a trend worth keeping an eye on.